All about Poland

The SAGA Foundation, American Civilization Website

"What Do They Do for Fun in Warsaw?" - recently changed URL

"Congress in the Dock"

Quotations about Civilization and Culture: "One... gets an impression that civilization is something which was imposed on a resisting majority by a minority which understood how to obtain possession of the means to power and coercion. It is, of course, natural to assume that these difficulties are not inherent in the nature of civilization itself but are determined by the imperfections of the cultural forms which have so far been developed. ~Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion"

Quotations about Civilization and Culture: "If the Aborigine drafted an I.Q. test, all of Western civilization would presumably flunk it. ~Stanley Garn"

Quotations about Civilization and Culture: "We should distrust any enterprise that requires new clothes. ~Henry David Thoreau, Walden"

Life Without Principle: "The conclusion will be, that mankind will hang itself upon a tree."

CNEWS Science: David Suzuki

The Origins of Agriculture: Rise of Civilization or Defying Evolution?: "But since agriculture it seemed that humans have created evolution themselves, their actions destroying species and causing adaptations. Perhaps most importantly the civilizations that have arisen due to the advent of agriculture are now altering the global climate. Maybe we have come full circle and since we have taken evolution into our own hands, we will be our own destroyers. "

The New Online Magazines: A Hunger for Voice

chomsky and others: "'The quality of an idea is independent of the stripes on the shoulder'
Jack Welch, Chairman and CEO GE, 2001"

Terrorism: Q & A | Terrorism: An Introduction:
"In another useful attempt to produce a definition, Paul Pillar, a former deputy chief of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center, argues that there are four key elements of terrorism:

It is premeditated-planned in advance, rather than an impulsive act of rage.

It is political-not criminal, like the violence that groups such as the mafia use to get money, but designed to change the existing political order.

It is aimed at civilians-not at military targets or combat-ready troops.

It is carried out by subnational groups-not by the army of a country. "

Guardian Unlimited | World dispatch | The definition of terrorism: "A new US government report illustrates that any classification of terrorist groups is fundamentally motivated by self-interest, writes Brian Whitaker

Monday May 7, 2001 "

Insurers Push for Global Terrorism Definition

Przedsiebiorca.pb.pl - M.P.2001.22

SOVIET PATRIOTIC MUSIC

Archaeological Research at Oslonki, Poland: "Since both Oslonki and Brzesc Kujawski were both abandoned about 4000 B.C., the question exists as to whether they outstripped the ability of the local ecosystem to support their inhabitants. The investigation of this issue is one of the key research question to be addressed in the next few years. Particularly promising is a bog adjacent to the settlement with over four meters of peat accumulation, which may provide pollen that can be used to trace changes in the local vegetation."

Recenzja programu ?ona 1.0

MWorld™ europe - 7 top tips for working with Americans: "5. Do it my way or hit the highway!"

FOR AMERICAN TO LIVE, EUROPE MUST DIE!

Meaning in Life:
"Truth always manifests first as intuitive feelings.
Only later is it understood!"

The Importance of Being Erroneous: "grossly anthropomorphic"

The Straight Dope: What are the words to "La Cucaracha"?

Non, je ne regrette rien

kalendarz imigranta

naród przeklinaj?cy:
"?miem twierdzi?, ?e pod wzgl?dem zwulgarnienia j?zyka bijemy w Europie absolutny rekord. I - niestety - za granic? zaczynaj? nas widzie? jako naród przeklinaj?cy. Dowodem zdarzenie, jakie spotka?o mnie w ?rodku Pary?a, na znanym wszystkim ze Stawki wi?kszej ni? ?ycie placu Pigalle, gdzie s? najlepsze kasztany.

Spaceruj?c tam z ?on?, synem, znajomymi rozmawiamy po polsku. Nagle Murzyn, czarny jak heban, macha do nas r?k? i krzyczy: ,,Pologne, Pologne, kurwa, kurwa!''. I to zaczyna by? znak Polski w ?wiecie."

Punkt widzenia - Ojczyzna Internetszczyzna: "Zdecydowana wiekszosc Polaków (75%) rzeczywiscie przyznaje sie do uzywania wulgarnego slownictwa, w tym dwie trzecie (66%) zastrzega, ze zachowanie takie zdarza im sie tylko w stanie zdenerwowania, emocji, a 9% twierdzi, ze równiez wtedy, gdy chca cos dosadnie okreslic"

tygodnik internetowy nr 33 : eurodecydenci : RYSZARD KAPUSCINSKI - homo sovieticus medrzec: " Profesor Jan Miodek, jezykoznawca, w laudacji na czesc Kapuscinskiego wynosil go pod niebiosa, szokujac zbytecznym patosem: 'stal sie dla wspólczesnych - w Polsce i daleko poza nia - medrcem, filozofem, duchowym przewodnikiem, autorytetem, nauczycielem'. Tenze 'autorytet' mial jednak swoje wlasne wzory osobowe, daleko odbiegajace od normalnosci: 'Pawel Wlasow byl moim najlepszym agitatorem. Drugim - juz pózniej - stal sie Pawel Korczagin. Do dzis, nie znalazlem w calej literaturze piekniejszych postaci, niz te wlasnie'. Czyli - nasz bohater wzorowal sie na sztucznych bohaterach sowieckich...

** ** **
Dzis, pod przewodem takich 'medrców, filozofów, duchowych przewodników, autorytetów i nauczycieli' (bo takich wobec niego superlatyw uzyl prof. Jan Miodek, zapewne ku uciesze nic nie wiedzacej o pisarzu uniwersyteckiej gawiedzi) mamy isc do Europy, w której naturalne wiezi musza byc jakoby porwane, w celu tworzenia nowych, sztucznych. Kapuscinski uwaza bowiem, ze 'stoimy wobec potrzeby stworzenia nowej definicji narodu jako wspólnoty wielokulturowej, wieloetnicznej. Chodzi o podstawowa zasade demokracji: przyznanie wszystkim obywatelom zamieszkujacym obszar danego panstwa równych praw'. Jest to efektowne, ale za przeproszeniem glupie - równe prawa dla wszystkich obywateli nie musza bowiem oznaczac redefiniowania pojecia narodu. Slowo to przeciez zawiera w sobie element narodzin. Moze istniec spolecznosc czy spoleczenstwo wielokulturowe i wieloetniczne, ale nie ma potrzeby niszczenia tradycyjnego narodu. A to - jak sie okazuje - jest jednym z podstawowych dazen twórców zjednoczonej Europy."

Lech Poznan - forum dyskusyjne - Kulczyk rozwaza zaangazowanie w Lecha: "Dziwi mnie tez nieco, ze niektórzy pisza pan doktor Kulczyk, to dlaczego nie piszemy pan prezes Majchrzak albo pan profesor docent doktor habilitowany Miodek ? Gdyby nie ta kasa wszyscy zapewne pisali by po prostu Kulczyk i nie bawili sie w pana doktora, a fe."

Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy

NEA Higher Education - Tenure

Most criticisms of American undergraduate
education have been voiced by academics in
dialogue with other academics.

cThis critical attack was launched in 1984
with the publication of To Reclaim a Legacy, a
government report written by William J. Bennett,
then chairman of the National Endowment
for the Humanities, soon to be appointed
Secretary of the Department of Education in
the Reagan Administration, and reached its
climax with the publication three years later of
College: the Undergraduate Experience, a report
of the Carnegie Foundation written by its
president, Ernest J. Boyer, who had earlier
expressed anxiety about the curriculum of the
nation’s high schools, and apparently thought
it a natural progression to view with alarm
from one flight up. Between these two signposts,
no fewer than 10 reports critical of how
academics did their business made their appearance,
and, of these, as many as six dwelled

dNor did he suggest that the culprits he had
identified should be turned out of office, punished
with a reduction in pay, or even be
forced to attend that campus correctional facility
known as a faculty development program.
In fact, he did not even ask that the faculties

attitudes toward teaching and research
Still, those who make it their special business
to tell the quantitative truth about American
professors do not support the view that
the latter?s commitment to their research specialties
is stronger than their commitment to
teaching. In 1969, the Carnegie Commission on
Higher Education conducted a massive survey
of the nation?s faculty members that, among
other things, tapped their attitudes toward
teaching and research, and that would remain
a fount of information on this subject for
decades. Its findings made it clear that the
values of the disciplines had been internalized
by faculty members in institutions from the
top to the lower middle of the pecking order.
Interestingly enough, however, when the
respondents were asked whether they were
more interested in teaching or research, three
out of four replied that their primary interest
lay in teaching. This preference was more
pronounced in the teaching-oriented colleges
than in the research-oriented universities, but
even in the latter places fully half of the faculty
gave teaching the higher spot in the rankorder
of their desires. When the questions
shifted from preference to performance, wider

CAIR '94 Proceedings: A Learning Paradigm: "To say that colleges are in the business of providing instruction is equivalent to saying that auto companies are in the assembly line business"


If GM Produced Cars like Microsoft Produces Software:
"Bill Gates reportedly compared the computer industry with the auto industry and stated, 'If GM had kept up with the technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving $25.00 cars that got 1,000 miles to the gallon.'
In response to Bill's comments, General Motors issued a press release stating, 'If GM had developed technology like Microsoft, we would all be driving cars with the following characteristics:
1. For no reason whatsoever, your car would crash twice a day."

Sorbonne - Wikipedia: "It was originally created for the use of 20 theology students in 1257 as Collčge de Sorbonne by Robert de Sorbon (1201-1274), a chaplain and confessor to King Louis IX of France. "

Heist - Corporate/visual identity/branding - Launching Britain’s Newest University: "The news of University Title, when it was announced to the world on 23 October last year, was a cause for celebration among staff, students and other stakeholders. But the long wait prior to announcement also posed a number of challenges for the College’s marketing and communications teams.

Quiet preparations
In February 2000, the process of becoming a university began in earnest with the start of a year-long scrutiny by the Quality Assurance Agency. "

CANADA'S NEWEST UNIVERSITY TO MEET THE DEMANDFOR MARKET-DRIVEN DEGREE PROGRAMS -PROVINCE TO INVEST $60 MILLION IN ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: "'By addressing the shortage of highly skilled knowledge workers"

Polonia's newest holiday

University Accreditation Commission

College and university accrediting agencies: "
Regional Institutional Accrediting Agencies
These are the mainstream agencies recognized by the U.S. Department of Education."

Search Results - ED.gov: "There are no results for the search: topic:Teacher Quality. "

the current stagnant nature of federal commitment to
higher education.

Taft University  Accreditation Questions and Answers: "5. Q. What is the difference between accreditation and California approval?
A. Accreditation, at least in theory, is a purely voluntary, non-governmental peer review process. We say, “in theory” because as a practical matter, accreditation, or a defined plan to obtain accreditation, is necessary to operate in the majority of states. California approval is essentially a licensing function designed to protect the citizens of the State of California. At one time, in our opinion, California approval was a reasonable indicator of quality. However, over the two decades of our existence, “approval” has evolved from being equivalent to accreditation under California law to approved schools being legally prohibited from even using the term “accredited” in any advertisement or promotional material unless the school is accredited by a DOE recognized accrediting body. The approval process at one time was under the oversight of the California Department of Education. It is now under a division of the Department of Consumer Affairs, an agency that licenses everything from accountants to welders but had no experience in postsecondary education. The approval process has deteriorated in the last few years to the extent that a school has been allowed to open with only one (Yes, one!) faculty member. Hardly an indicator of quality."

About Athabasca University - Accreditation: "Candidate for Accreditation is a status of affiliation with a regional accrediting commission which indicates that an institution has achieved recognition and is progressing towards, but is not assured of, accreditation. It has provided evidence of sound planning, seems to have the resources to implement the plans, and appears to have the potential for obtaining its goals within a reasonable time.
Athabasca University achieved this status in June 2002."

Urban Legends Reference Pages: Humor (Car Balk)

HIGHER EDUCATION AT RISK! - NTEU

All about the Education Industry

CorpWatch.org  - Issues  - Education Industry: "Education in the U.S. has become big business. The 'education industry,' a term coined by EduVentures, an investment banking firm, is estimated to be worth between $630 and $680 billion in the United States. The stock value of 30 publicly traded educational companies is growing twice as fast as the Dow Jones Average"

Boston.com / News / Education / Higher education / BU faculty seeks more representation on board: "Meanwhile, Boston Magazine reported on its website yesterday that John Silber, who officially stepped down as chancellor on Friday, was in line to get $1.3 million for unused sabbaticals over his 32 years at BU, based on a copy of Silber's contract the magazine obtained in 1997."

Academic Double Standards -- A Weekly Column by Myron Lieberman: "When I was a graduate student fifty years ago at the University of Illinois, the campus was in turmoil over Arthur Bestor's The Educational Wastelands -- a book that was as critical of education courses as any published in recent years. My heart sank -- had I stepped aboard a sinking ship? It turned out that Bestor's book had very little practical impact, as can be said about others of the same ilk that have followed it for fifty years. The irony is that for the past twenty years at least, my major professional objective has been to replace our educational monopoly with a competitive education industry.
Based on my experience to date, I would have to say that most of the arts and sciences academics are as afraid of this solution to the problem of lousy courses as are the professors of education. To my knowledge, not a single professional organization of academics has raised any hard questions about our mindless expansion of higher education -- another hint that the controversies over education courses are a battle of interests, not of ideas or testable propositions. This comment may not apply to the persons kind enough to respond to last week's column, but as I said then, I'm discussing central tendencies, not individuals. "

Online Pedagogy & Theories and Best Practices

Case Studies: Old & New Methods

[Assam] What is the oldest university in the world?: "Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, is generally considered to be the oldest university in the world. It was founded roughly the same time as the city of Cairo, in 969 AD. The first lecture was delivered in 975 AD.
Like many centers of learning, Al-Azhar University was originally intended as a place of worship and religious instruction. The mosque at Al-Azhar is one of the most famous in the Muslim world, and is still considered the seat of Sunni Islamic study.
The university pioneered systems of advanced academic instruction with its hierarchy of regular instructors and visiting professors. Its history follows the turbulent rise of the Islamic Empire, replete with political revolutions and competing religious philosophies. While Al-Azhar University has a storied history of religious instruction, it also boasts a robust secular curriculum, offering advanced degrees in engineering and medicine.
As with all matters medieval, historical facts and figures are up to academic interpretation. Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez, Morroco has also laid claim to the title of oldest university in the world.
Europe's oldest university was founded in 1088 in the northern Italian city of Bologna. North America's oldest university, Harvard, opened in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636, not long after the first English colonists arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. "

PBS: Electric Money -- Teaching Guides: Teaching Guide Four

Sanskrit Document List

Mantra Understood by KK

- GLOSSA - Polish for foreigners, learnign Polish, studying Polish, Polish in Poland, Polish in Cracow, Polish as a second language, Polish as a foreign language, Polish courses, summer courses of Polish language and culture, summer scho: "13........... jest godzina? Teraz jest (1.30) ..........
który; wpól do drugiej
która; wpól do drugiej
jaka; pól do drugiej
która; wpól do pierwszej"

ad-astra blog: "Bylo pól do czwartej.

Nie zadzwonilem. Konwenanse nie pozwalaja na dzwonienie do kogos o tej porze. Zadzwonilem rano. Okazalo sie, ze Ona obudzila sie o wpól do czwartej z jakims niejasnym przeczuciem. To byl dziwny zbieg okolicznosci."

CALA POLSKA PISZE DYKTANDO: "Dyktando 1990

Dyktando bez dwói
Eks-policjant Hubert spojrzal od niechcenia na swój zegarek, na wpól przysloniety sczernialym rekawem plaszcza nieprzemakalnego. Czyzby naprawde bylo juz po wpól do ósmej? Nie w smak mu bylo sterczec tak na deszczu i na wietrze, wprawdzie nie tak silnym, jak szkwal, ale niewatpliwie wrózacym sztorm. 'I w zasadzie robie to za pól darmo' - pomyslal zirytowany. Sponsor, który wygladal na pól-Anglika, a okazal sie wkrótce potem pól-Szwedem, angazujac go mówil wprawdzie, ze taki fachowiec jest niezastapiony, ze zanimby znalazl kogo innego, mineloby mnóstwo czasu, ze mogloby wówczas dojsc do chryi, a ze on Hubert, jako rzekomy aranzer moze raz-dwa wcisnac sie pod szklana kopule zelazobetonowego gmachu zarzadu spólki, ale te wszystkie zachety, ochy i achy nie szly w parze z hojnoscia. Hubert przyjal jednak zlecenie, które zrazu wydalo mu sie blahostka w porównaniu z tym, co robil dotad w czasie trzyipóletniej pracy w pólnocno-wschodnio-polskim oddziale firmy 'Sfinks', zbierajacej jakoby varsaviana na Bialostocczyznie.

Jednakze wkrótce potem okazalo sie, ze niewywiazanie sie z misji moze byc bardziej prawdopodobne nizby mozna bylo przypuszczac, a to niedwuznacznie grozilo nie tylko utrata czlonkostwa tej antypolicji, do której przystal, lecz takze spotkaniem oko w oko z nieokrzesanym bosmanmatem udajacym chorazego, który kierowal ta akcja. 'Niech to szlag trafi' - przeklal w myslach Hubert - 'zanimbym sie zorientowal, dostalbym juz taki stempelek na czole, ze wystarczyloby mi to na cale zycie. Nieznaczny ruch na nabrzezu przerwal mu te rozwazania. Droge w poprzek, a wlasciwie nieco na ukos, w kierunku budowanego jachtu, przeszedl jakis barczysty supermezczyzna, wlokacy cos za soba. Hubert na darmo wytezal wzrok. To wyda"

Background:
"The recorded history of the Slavs begins at a comparatively late moment, not before the sixth century A.D. By their earliest invasions of the Eastern Roman Empire, at the turn of the fifth century, they came for the first time into contact with the Greco-Roman world. "

Chronicle of Nestor:
"the famous Czech slavist DobrovskÝ wrote in 1810: 'I am glad that such investigations are being made. But I am convinced that the Slavs are neither Dacians nor Thracians nor Illyrians. Slavs are Slavs and have a close relationship only with the Lithuanians.'
The theory that the Slavs were originally settled in the neighbourhood of the Danube was adopted by the early Polish and Czech chroniclers. The principal source for placing the Slavs in this region is a passage in the Chronicle of Nestor, which reads as follows: 'The Slavs were settled along the Danube, where now is the Hungarian land and the Bulgarian. From there they separated and were called by their special names wherever they settled; those who came to the river Marava were called Moravians and others Czechs. . . other Slavs settled on the Vistula and were called Liakhs; and from these Liakhs were the Polyane; other Liakhs were the Lutici, the Mazovians and the Pomeranians.' "

Vlachs who were induced to settle in places such as Wislok were rapidly assimilated by the Eastern Slavs and converted to the Orthodox religion:
"The most influential studies of Vlach impact in these parts are by Kazimierz Dobrowolski, Migracje Woloskie na ziemiach polskich (Lviv, 1930), and Dwa studia nad powstaniem kultury ludowej w Karpatach zachodnich (Cracow, 1938). However, there is no evidence in Fastnacht to suggest that the number of shepherds arriving in this part of the Carpathians from the Balkans was ever very large, and it seems clear that any Vlachs who were induced to settle in places such as Wislok were rapidly assimilated by the Eastern Slavs and converted to the Orthodox religion. For a more modern assessment of Vlach impact, see Omelian Stavrovsky, Slovatsko-polsko-ukrainskie prykordonnia do 19 stolitta (Bratislava, 1967). For an assessment of the complexity of the problems posed by the Vlachs in the Balkans see J. C. Campbell, Honour, family and patronage; a study of institutions and moral values in a Greek mountain community (Oxford, 1964), pp.1-6. "

"Sarmatia and England "

AEES Internet Resources

Legacy of Medieval Lithuania: "As for why the Lithuanians were incapable of defending these lands from the Teutonic Knights, let us ask one question: why was it the Lithuanians and not the Teutonic Knights who governed these areas?. I am at a loss as to how to suggest the author might answer this question - perhaps he should label the stroked pottery culture Slavonic"

Yahoo! Groups : litvania

Bałto-słowiańska wspólnota - zob. art Etnogeneza Słowian

Bałkany - nazwa pasma, górskiego i półwyspu otoczonego morzami: Adriatyckim, Jońskim, Egejskim, Marmara i Czarnym. Pn. granicę półwyspu stanowią rz. Dunaj, Sawa i Kupa. W starożytności i średn. na oznaczenie tego terytorium używano nazw: Haemus, Płw. Iliryjski, Grecki lub Bizantyński, obecna nazwa, pochodzenia tureckiego, przyjęła się w XIX w. W starożytności Bałkany zamieszkiwali Grecy, Macedończycy, Ilirowie, Trakowie oraz w części pn.-wsch. Scytowie i Sarmaci. Ludy osiadłe w centrum Płw. Bałkańskiego ulegały przemożnym wpływom kultury gr. Pod koniec starożytności cały półwysep znalazł się pod panowaniem rzym. W okresie osłabienia imperium rzym. nastąpił napływ różnych ludów barbarzyńskich na Bałkany, co doprowadziło do znacznego zniszczenia i wyludnienia tutejszych bogatych prowincji. Od VI w. w napadach na Bałkany zaczęli brać udział Słowianie, którzy w VI - VII w. zasiedlili znaczne połacie półwyspu, docierając aż do -> Peloponezu. Spowodowało to prawie pełną slawizację kontynentalnej części Bałkanów. W Dolnej Mezji w końcu VII w. powstało państwo zorganizowane przez tureckich Bułgarów, którzy zawładnąwszy mieszkającymi tu uprzednio Słowianami sami ulegli następnie slawizacji. Bułgaria w VIII - X w. rozrosła się terytorialnie i stała się poważnym rywalem Bizancjum na Bałkany. W VIII w. powstało państwo Chorwatów, które, uniezależniwszy się w końcu IX w. od Franków, w X - XI w. osiągnęło znaczną potęgę. Upadek państwa bułg. w pocz. XI w. i królestwa Chorwatów w końcu tego wieku przywróciło na pewien czas hegemonię Bizancjum na Bałkany, lecz już w końcu XII w. odrodziło się państwo bułg. oraz powstało potężne carstwo serb. pod panowaniem Stefana Nemanji, które później rywalizowały o władzę nad Bałkanach. Z.H.-K.

Bałtowie (rys. Naczynia gliniane używane przez Bałtów) - odłam ludów indo­europ., mówiących językami bałtyckimi; obejmowali -> Litwinów i -> Łotyszów (tzw. Bałtów wsch.) oraz wymarłe plemiona -> Jaćwięgów, Kurów i -> Prusów (tzw. Bałtów zach.). Bałtowie zamieszkiwali w starożytności od pd.-wsch. wybrzeży Bałtyku do górnej Oki i Wołgi oraz od Zach. Dźwiny do Prypeci. Wydzielenie się Bałtów zach. badacze wiążą z kulturą kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich, powstałą w poł. I tysiąclecia p.n.e. prawdopodobnie w wyniku zmieszania plemion bałtyckich z ludnością grupy mazursko-warmijskiej kultury łuż. Podstawę nowej kultury stanowiła gospodarka hodowlano-pasterska, powstały liczne osiedla obronne, rozpowszechnił się obrządek ciałopalny z kurhanami oraz naczynia o dnach półkulistych. Dużego znaczenia nabrał wówczas ośrodek wydobywania ł wymiany bursztynu w Sambii. Na przełomie n.e. na Mazurach doszło do przemian ludnościowych i wzmocnienia organizacji plemiennej. Od tego czasu ciągłość zamieszkania co najmniej do wczesnego średn. poświadczają użytkowane bez przerwy te same cmentarzyska. Rozwinięta wymiana bursztynem od ostatnich wieków przed n.e. aż do średn. związana ze szlakami lądowymi (-> bursztynowy szlak) i morskimi ku Jutlandii, sprzyjała wykształceniu się stabilnych skupisk osadniczych i wzrostowi gosp. Pliniusz wymienia wyspę Baltia, utożsamianą m. in. z Sambią, Tacyt mówi o ludzie Aesti, zaś Ptolemeusz wymienia "Galindai" i "Sudinoi", plemiona rejestrowane na tym terenie w XIII w. jako pruscy Galindowie i Sudawowie. W pierwszych w. n.e. w dziedzinie gospodarki równorzędne znaczenie miała uprawa ziemi i hodowla, zwłaszcza koni (pochówki końskie). Powstały liczne osiedla obronne, wokół których skupiały się niewielkie osady otwarte. Cmentarzyska i skarby wskazują na wydzielanie się starszyzny plemiennej (m.in. bogato wyposażone pochówki kurhanowe). Zaczęły też wówczas kształtować się wspólnoty terytorialne. W V - VI w. istniały silne kontakty handlowe Bałtów z Krymem, Skandynawią, Nadrenią, pn. Italią i in. krajami Europy. Rozszerzyły się wpływy Bałtów zach. na wsch. Pomorze, pn. Mazowsze i Podlasie, gdzie pojawiły się kurhany o charakterze bałtyckim. Słabiej są natomiast pod względem archeol. rozpoznane tereny zajęte w starożytności przez Bałtów wsch. Kontakty bałtosłow. we wczesnych fazach znalazły wyraz w wymianie i wpływach osadnictwa kultury łużyckiej, którego peryferyczne ugrupowanie weszło w skład kształtujących się zach. Bałtów, oraz w oddziaływaniach kultury wschodniopom., później grobów jamowych. We wczesnym średn. rozwijały się żywe kontakty Słowian zach. i wsch. z -> Prusami, -> Litwinami i -> Łotyszami. Z.B.

Bałtyk - morze znane już pisarzom starożytnym, u Ptolemeusza Oceanus Sarmaticus, którego pd. częścią był Sinus Venedicus, nazwany tak od -> Wenedów zamieszkujących wybrzeża, a identyfikowanych ze Słowianami. Pliniusz wspomina też o "wyspie Baltia" identyfikowanej z Płw. Sambijskim. We wczesnym średn. Bałtyk określany był przez pisarzy zachodnioeurop. jako Ostsae, Ostarsalt (M. Estów?). W źródłach rus. występował jako M. Wareskie (od skandynawskich -> Waregów), w arabskich i u Helmolda - M. Ruskie. Jako "mare Balticum" został określony w XI w. przez Adama Bremeńskiego, który też donosi, że tak zwała morze ludność miejscowa. Słowianie zamieszkując całe pd. wybrzeża od Zatoki Kilońskiej po ujście Wisły i docierając do Zatoki Fińskiej brali aktywny udział w życiu strefy Bałtyckiej, utrzymując różnorodne kontakty gosp., polit., kulturalne zarówno z -> Danią, -> Szwecją, jak ludami bałtyckimi i fińskimi oraz dalej drogą morską z in. krajami Europy. L.L.

robol ˇ komentarze:
"The meaning of the name 'Sarmata' in Iranian is the 'council.' [30] It refers not to the nationality or language, but to the social organization of the Alans, ruled by a supreme council, appointing the king. [31] The role of the council in early Slavic history is well known, especially among the Western Slavs. Thus the social, or political, organization of the Iranian Alans and Polish Slavs offers evidence of their affiliation. Both groups used the Iranian word for 'council' derived from the type of their ruling body. They must have been in very close proximity to affect such borrowings and exchange of influences. These were of such important nature, defining the whole structure of the society, that we are obliged to start thinking in terms of direct intermingling of population groups. "

Warianty pochodzenia Slowian

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Maciej Jasniewicz. IRANCZYCY NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH

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Wplyw substratu ugrofinskiego.._2

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Wojciech Jozwiak. Tajemniczy Slowianie

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